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Orchids are flower [url=http://www.sandvikfw.net/shopuk.php]hollister outlet sale[/url] plants in the order and belong to the family monocotyledon .Most orchids are epiphytes while others are terrestrial lithophytes. During germination and seedling growth, orchids practice mycoheterotrophic mode of feeding, and some remain this way in their adult life (Leake, 2005). [url=http://www.gotprintsigns.com/abercrombiepascher/‎]abercrombie pas cher[/url] Over years, due to cross pollination across the species of orchids that highly compatible, there has been an evolution of high numbers of generic hybrids . As Kee, Hahn, and Park explain, these bi-generic and pluri-generic hybrids increased awareness of its economic value [url=http://www.1855sacramento.com/woolrich.php]woolrich outlet[/url] to the public and sparked the start of industrial hybridization.
For a long time, orchids are used as commercial products in the flower industry with its market potentially expanding worldwide. Large scale cultivation got adapted into the horticultural industry for few selected orchid hybrids. The development of mass cultivation techniques laid a foundation for selection of [url=http://www.rtnagel.com/louboutin.php]louboutin pas cher[/url] new hybrids and breeding of them for commercial purposes. This led to the evolution of new tissue culture techniques involving micro propagation of plant tissues of orchids. A combination of techniques for seed germination a symbiotically and in vitro micro propagation has advanced the horticultural industry for orchid cultivation creating a larger market. From the fact that orchids are mycoheterotrophic (Arditti, 1992), orchids can germinate in presence of symbiotic fungi where seeds are planted in media containing simple sugars in vitro. Also, the seed can be germinated in a complex media aseptically using ovules from green pods or mature orchid seed (Yam & Arditti, 2009). Using protocorm systems, orchids are micro propagated for breeding purposes while conserving the endangered native species.
Materials
For the process to continue as expected the media and reagents required include: Hyponex seed germination medium, first transplantation [url=http://www.mnfruit.com/doudounemoncler.php]moncler pas cher[/url] medium enriched with activated charcoal, second transplantation medium similar to the first transplantation media enriched with either green banana or a homogenous paste of un sprouted potato, a potting mix containing sphagnum moss for seedlings, protocorm multiplication medium containing Hyponex, peptone, coconut water, homogenous paste of unsprouted potato, activated charcoal, agar adjusted to a pH equal to 5.5, Coconut water drained from ripe nuts, a homogenate from mature green bananas, a homogenate from [url=http://www.rtnagel.com/airjordan.php]nike air jordan pas cher[/url] un sprouted potatoes, activated charcoal and sterilization solutions which include 70% ethanol, 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution with two drops of Tweed for seed sterilization and sodium hypochlorite (3%) solution for vegetative explants sterilization.
Methods
Seeds are washed with water and soap and sterilized using 70% ethanol for 10 seconds and are soaked in sodium hypochlorite (3%) solution for 20 minutes. They are then washed three times with sterile water and sterilized on the surface using an open flame before releasing the seeds from the capsule using sterile sharps. The seeds are sowed by distributing and spreading them evenly on 50 ml of germination media in Erlenmeyer flasks which are then placed in a culture room where the temperature is preset to 20-25oC. When the embryos swell up, rhizoids break from the testa forming protocorms in about 13 days of incubation. Green globular protocorms that are growing well are selected, the small shoots developed on protocorms are removed and the protocorms divided longitudinally into two or four pieces before they are transferred to fresh Protocorm multiplication medium for better proliferation. The medium is changed at four-week intervals. Subculturing is done fast to avoid abnormal shoots or retarding growth. 20 pieces of protocorms are placed in 25ml of Protocorm multiplication medium in a petri-dish and the temperature is maintained at 25oC for four weeks providing 16 [url=http://www.jordanpascherofficiele.com]air jordan[/url] hours of photoperiods at 30 µmol/m2/s.
When the first leaf develop on the seedlings, they are transplanted to the first transplantation medium. After about [url=http://www.louboumaterialistanyc.com]louboutin[/url] six months, the seedlings are washed of the medium and transferred to potting mix, hardened and placed in greenhouse conditions for about ten weeks while adjusting sunlight to enhance photosynthesis. Results and Discussion Averagely, 30000 plantlets are produced per capsule for a [url=http://www.mxitcms.com/tiffany/]tiffany outlet[/url] standard Phalaenopsis species.
The numbers of seeds germinating and the percentage of [url=http://www.mnfruit.com/louboutinpascher.php]louboutin[/url] protocorm formed largely affected by how mature the seeds are, their genotypes, the composition of the media and the environment al conditions in which cultivation was done. If sub-culture time is increased, the number of protocorms that yellow increase while those protocorms that are old and deteriorated have abnormal ly growing shoots with general retarded growth when transferred to the soil. Sub culturing the protocorms for a period longer than a year results in fewer off-type plantlets which is in line with Chang (2007) findings. Phalaenopsis species are micropropagated to increase yields of the flowers within a short span of time producing many flowers of the same kind. The plant, according to Ramírez, et al., is used as a herbal medicine in some countries like China and making food additives.
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